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Christopher Werner
Christopher W. Werner (1805–1875) was a well known nineteenth-century wrought iron manufacturer, artisan, and entrepreneur from the state of South Carolina, USA.〔
== Biography ==
Werner was born at Münster, in Prussian Westphalia (now the North Rhine-Westphalia region of Germany) in 1805. His father, Burnhard, was a wealthy carriage builder. The young Werner learned his initial blacksmithing skills of iron working in his father's blacksmith shop. Werner was known as a carriage maker, blacksmith, wrought iron worker, and a businessman.〔
Knowing that he would have to enter the authoritarian Prussian army,〔Anja Johansen, ''Soldiers as Police: the French and Prussian armies and the policing of popular protest, 1889-1914'' (2005), (p. 37 ): "The Prussian army had been based on universal conscription since its reorganisation in 1807-1815 after the old Prussian army's collapse before Napoleon's mass-army."〕 Werner instead emigrated to the United States at an unknown date in the 1830s. He took up residence in Charleston, South Carolina, and obtained American citizenship in 1839. He almost certainly arrived in America more than five years before that, as the naturalization process at that time took at least five years to complete. Werner married Isabella Hanna, from Liverpool, England, in 1841. They had six children, five of whom lived to adulthood, with a son named Bernard dying at the age of six. Their children were literate and some received formal schooling. John Hanna was sent to Germany for part of his schooling.〔
According to the 1850 U.S. Census, in 1850 Werner was 45 years old and his wife about 13 years his junior, with an age of 32. The other family members were Robert H. Werner (9), Mary Werner (8), Bernard Werner (1), and Hannah Werner (65).〔1850 U.S. Census, Home in 1850: St Michael and St Phillip, Charleston, South Carolina; Roll: M432_850; Page: 167A; Image: 174〕 According to the next census, in 1860 Werner was 55 years old and his wife 14 years his junior, 41 years old, the other family members being Robert Werner (18), Mary Werner (15), Jno. H Werner (4), Grace Werner (1), and Ann Lee (70).〔1860 U.S. Census, Charleston Ward 4, Charleston, South Carolina; Roll: M653_1216; Page: 337; Image: 308; Family History Library Film: 805216〕 They lived in Charleston Ward 4,〔( Charleston Ward 4 )〕 Charleston, South Carolina.〔 Werner's family grew up as Lutherans.〔
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